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Využití smart farming technologií při hospodaření na zemědělské půdě
Kovaříková, Jana
The bachelor thesis deals with the basic theoretical description of smart farming technologies or precision farming methods in agricultural land management. Precision farming is a trend that has been developing since the early 1990s. One of the elements of precision farming is locally targeted farming that works with soil heterogeneity and tillage using new technologies. Optimizing soil inputs (mineral fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and applying them according to the current plant requirements is one of the goals of smart farming. Through precision farming agronomic practices, we can increase the efficiency of crop production, reduce the amount of mineral fertilizer inputs and improve both economic and environmental status. The aim of the presented work was to evaluate the variable application of essential nutrients (P and K) on selected plots managed in a conventional way using PREFARM. The experiment itself was carried out in the agricultural company AGROSUMAK a.s., The practical part includes a comparison of lump and variable application of potassium salt (K2O source) and triple superphosphate (P2O5 source) on three experimental plots. Data on plot heterogeneity were provided by AGROSUMAK a.s., which uses the PREFARM system. In the conclusion of the present work, the results are discussed and compared from economic, environmental and agronomic points of view.
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Nitrogen use from fertilizers applied to spring barley and winter wheat
Buráňová, Šárka ; Balík, Jiří (advisor)
Nitrogen fertilization is considered to be an important agronomic intervention. Its application to the field must be deliberate and well-timed. Poor management of nitrogen fertilizers can lead to significant losses with economic and environmental consequences. In the long-term field experiment of the Department of agroenvironmental chemistry and plant nutrition will be observed the influence of different organic and mineral fertilizers and the impact of location on the nitrogen balance and nitrogen use of applied fertilizer by spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). For the purpose of the thesis will be evaluated six treatments of fertilization: Control, Sewage sludge, Manure, N, NPK, N + straw. To the crops will be in the three-year cycle applied a single dose of 330 kg N ha-1. After the harvest will be annually determined the content of total nitrogen in plant material and yield of grain and straw. For wheat will be evaluated selected yield and quality parameters. From analyses of plant material will be then calculated indicators of nitrogen utilization of applied fertilizers.
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The effect of fertilization on yield and quality of malting spring barley
Mužík, Jiří ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Jiří, Jiří (referee)
Spring barley is the cereal with the shortest growing season and high demands on soil structure and quality of fertilization.
The experimental part of the study was carried out on the long-term stationary experiments at two sites with different soil and climatic conditions - Červený Újezd and Prague Suchdol. Experiments were established in 1996 with a crop rotation in order - potato (corn), winter wheat and spring barley. Organic fertilizers are: sewage sludge, manure and straw. Mineral fertilizers were applied directly to the barley such as phosphates, potassium fertilizers were used in autumn in the course of plowing and nitrogen fertilizer during seedbed preparation of the soil. Used mineral fertilizers are: calcium amonium nitrate, triple superphosphate and potassium salt. Spring barley is the third crop after the application of organic fertilizers and therefore uses fertilizers in the third year.
The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of organic and mineral fertilization on yield parameters of spring barley and selected qualitative indicators. We evaluated the number of offsets, number of grains per ear, yield of grain, straw and N-substances in grain.
The number of offsets and grains per ear had the greatest influence by fertilization mineral fertilizers. The highest number of offsets was found in variant NPK Červený Újezd in year 2013 (2,357 offsets/m2) and the largest number of grains in ear at the same station in year 2014 on variant Manure 1/2 + N (24.6 grains). Yield of grains was significantly influenced by both sites and variants of fertilization. It was different in year 2013, when the higher yields were found in the station Suchdol, however yields in years 2014 and 2015 were higher at the station Červený Újezd, especially in variants fertilized with mineral fertilizers. The highest grain yield was at the station Červený Újezd variants NPK and N + straw (9 t / ha) and at the station Suchdol was the highest grain yeild on NK variant (6.1 t / ha), both cases in year 2015. Straw yield was influenced by both fertilizes mineral and organic according to influence of individual years. The highest yield of straw was found at the station Červený Újezd variant N + straw (5.6 t / ha) in year 2015 and at the station Suchdol was the highest yield on the variant N (4.3 t / ha) in year 2014.
The content of N-substances in grains of the spring barley was found to be low in all variants of fertilization in the analyzed years. Optimal values throughout the three-year experiment was achieved at the station Červený Újezd only in year 2015 on variant N (10.5%) and N + straw (10.6%) and at station Suchdol in year 2014 on variant N (10.3%) and NP (10.4%).
It was found that a propitious effect on the yield and quality of spring malting barley has fertilization by mineral fertilizers such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Fertilization by organic fertilizer has a positive effect while used in lower quality soil and climatic conditions.
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Effect of mineral fertilizer before sowing the embedding seeders yield poppy (Papaver somniferum L.)
Hrušková, Jana ; Cihlář, Pavel (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) is plant which is in Czech Republic cultivated and consumed for a long time. Czech Republic was the biggest producer of poppy seeds in the world. It is not true currently but Czech Republic is still one of the most important producers of poppy. Czech growers produce high quality poppy seeds but they had several problems during last years. For example fluctuation of price of poppy and bad weather condition. Those problems influenced crop. Those complications caused that growers of poppy try to have stable yields for good profit. Yield parameters, such as amount and quality of poppy seeds and volume of alkaloids, are the most important for growers. Amount and quality of poppy seeds are important for food industry and volume of alkaloids for pharmaceutical industry. The parameters are influenced especially by climatic and soil conditions. Growers are not able to influence climatic factors such as intensity and regularity of rainfalls, actual temperature and wind conditions. But they can influence other factors by good agrotechnical interventions. One of the most important parameters for good growth of poppy is volume of elements in soil, especially nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and microelements, boron and zinc. Except that things is very important good soil treatment, suitable technology, right term for sowing and choice of good seeds. For intensive producing of poppy seeds is very important protection against pests, diseases and weed. Like prevention is important good soil treatment and other things such as application of pesticides, herbicides and fungicides and seed dressing by fungicides. This work includes general overview about poppy growing focusing on influence of mineral fertilizers on yields of different variety of poppy. We did experiment, the goal of experiment was to find out influence of application of mineral fertilizers on poppy yields. We used two different variety of poppy and we evaluated influence of said factors. Subjects of observation were yield parameters, amount of plants on 1m2, weight of poppy, weight of capsules and HTS (weight of thousand seeds).
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Phosphorus fertilizing of winter wheat in long-term field experiments including the sewage sludge treatment
Burgetová, Markéta ; Kulhánek, Martin (advisor) ; Karel, Karel (referee)
The theoretical part of the work is to describe the importance of phosphorus in soils and plants, and individual fertilizing systems, which is phosphorus in the soil supplied. Currently phosphorus considered limiting element in plant nutrition and it is therefore necessary to monitor the content and add it into the soil as required. Phosphorus is applied to the soil in different sorts of fertilizers. It is possible to use organic and mineral fertilizers and waste materials, for example sludge from sewage treatment plants. Sewage sludge appears to be a rich source of organic substances and other nutrients including phosphorus. Thanks to the application of sewage sludge on agricultural land, when used properly, reflects in the improvement of soil properties.
The aim of this work is to compare different fertilizing treatments (sewage sludge, manure and mineral fertilizers) in terms of water-soluble, accessible and residual phosphorus in the soil and also in terms of the influence of the mentioned treatments on winter wheat yields. The experiment was conducted at Humpolec, Hněvčeves and Suchdol sites and the evaluation was realized between the years 1996 and 2015.
The contents of readily available phosphorus at all sites were fairly balanced and did not clearly indicate the best fertilization option. The highest values were, however, in most cases measured at the sewage sludge treatment.
Sewage sludge appeared to be good source of mobile phosphorus. The values were almost always higher in comparison to the other studied treatments. It was confirmed at all three sites. The increasing tendency in mobile soil P content was clearly visible during the experiments. Estimating of residual phosphorus was carried out in comparison with other factions only in the years 1996, 2005 and 2014. The highest levels of residual P after application of sewage sludge were achieved at Humpolec and Suchdol sites. At the station Hněvčeves, the highest content was estimated on the variant fertilized with mineral fertilizers.
Even though the sludge proved to be the best phosphorus resource in our experiments, the highest winter wheat yields were reached using mineral fertilizers. A variant fertilized with sludge appeared to be second best way, and thereafter followed farmyard manure treatment.
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The effect of fertilization and locality on yield of spring barley
Koželuh, Josef ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Kovářík, Jakub (referee)
This Bachelor thesis is focused on evaluating the impact of fertilization of spring barley by organic and mineral fertilizers, and comparing their effects on yield and quality. The literature search sought to determine spring barley requirements for environmental factors, nutrition and fertilization, and to determine cultivation problems, such as lodging, pests and disease. As an experiment included in my thesis, I conducted the long-term field study on plant nutrition, being performed since autumn 1996 at the Department of Agro-environmental Chemistry. In this study, three crops rotate in the following order: potatoes, winter wheat, spring barely. In the area of Červený Újezd the corn is used instead of potatoes, due to the agrotechnical reasons. The study took place at five areas (Suchdol, Červený Újezd, Humpolec, Lukavec, Hněvčeves). These are areas with different soil and climatic conditions, which are used to assess the influence of habitat. The experiment was conducted under several controlled conditions. The Control area was left fertilizer-free. The variant Manure involved organic fertilization with the potato-intended manure, with estimated dosage of 330 kg N/ha. Variant Kal was also fertilized with potato-intended manure, with the same amount of nitrogen as variant Manure. Variant Manure 1/2 + N was organically fertilized by the manure at a dose of 165 kg N / ha and subsequently fertilized for spring barley at a dose 55 kg N / ha in the form of ammonium nitrate with limestone (ANL). Variant N received only mineral fertilization 70 kg N/ha with ANL. In the Variant NPK, only mineral fertilizers were used (ANL, triple superphosphate, potassium salt) with the total dosage 70 kg N/ha, 30 kg P/ha, 100 kg K/ha. Variant N+straw was fertilized with 70 kg/ha of mineral nitrogen and a straw was always plowed after harvesting spring barley. The results clearly show that Červený Újezd is the most suitable area for the cultivation of spring barely. This experiment also confirmed substantial influence of fertilizer on the quality and yield of grain, as well as the influence of the habitat. NPK variant had the highest yield and quality in most locations, hence a variant with mineral fertilizers containing three basic nutrients. From the economical view, Control variant only was evaluated. Profitable production was reached only at sites Suchdol and Červený Újezd.
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The effect of fertilization on potato tuber yield
Mikula, Václav ; Černý, Jindřich (advisor) ; Šárka, Šárka (referee)
Potatoes are the fourth worldwide most important crop for human nutrition after rice, wheat and maize. In the Czech republic growing of potatoes has a tradition and a huge food significance. In last years importatnt decline of growing areas have taken place and the area has stabilized on a little less than 30 000 ha, and average yield on 20 t.ha-1. Experimentally was achieved yield of 120 t.ha-1 thus the potatoes can perform importatnt part in solving shortage of food.
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of different fertilizers on potato tuber yield under different soil-climatic conditions. This thesis is a part of long-term stationary experiments which was established in 1996 on five sites with different soil-climatic conditions, but deals only with Suchdol, Humpolec and Hněvčeves. Three crops (potatoes, winter wheat, spring barley) are rotated on each site within the experiment under different fertilizers, using organic fertilizers, mineral fertilizers and the combination of them.
In Suchdol site the biggest yields were obtained in the Manure (22,8 t.ha-1) and NPK (22,3 t.ha-1) plots and resulted in higher yield by 8,1 % and by 5,7 % over control, respectively. Small differences were probably caused by high natural soil fertility. In Humpolec application of sewage sludge and nitrogen resulted in yield higher by 34,5 % (yielding 19,5 t.ha-1) and by 22,8 % (yieling 17,8 t.ha-1) over control. The lowest yield was obtained after application of manure, yield declined by 9,7 % under control. In Hněvčeves application of NPK and N+straw resulted in higher yield by 129,5 % (yielding 28,0t.ha-1) and by 112,3 % (yielding) over control, respectively.
Plots fertilized by the half dosage of manure and nitrogen to preceding crops always belonged to top 3 plots. Due to different soil-climatic conditions diverse fertilizers can be recomended. Manure for Suchdol site, sewage sludge for Humpolec and NPK for Hněvčeves.
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